How Many Cups in 14 Oz of Ground Beef
From offscreen friendships and jarring pay inequality to the special effects and makeup tricks that brought some of the world'southward favorite film characters to life, The Magician of Oz (1939) had so much going on behind the emerald pall and the Technicolor gloss of an amazing fantasy world.
In honour of the 80th anniversary of the film, follow the yellow brick slideshow to peek behind that curtain and larn more about the secrets and fun facts that make the beloved moving picture a timeless classic.
Margaret Hamilton Was a Fan Earlier the Film
As a cocky-proclaimed lifelong fan of L. Frank Baum's Oz serial, Margaret Hamilton was thrilled to be considered for a role in the 1939 moving picture adaptation. Hamilton called her agent to ask which character the producers wanted her to play, and her agent famously said, "The witch — who else?"
Hamilton, a single mother, fought MGM for an agreed upon corporeality of guaranteed piece of work fourth dimension. Three days before filming began, the studio agreed to a five-calendar week bargain. In the terminate, Hamilton was on ready for three months, simply many of her scenes were cut for being too scary for audiences.
Dorothy's Original Look Was More than Movie Star Than Farm Girl
Sure, Dorothy Gale doesn't demand prosthetics or aluminum makeup, but that doesn't hateful Judy Garland wasn't put through the costume section wringer. Although she was young at the time, the 16-yr-erstwhile Garland had to article of clothing a corset-like device so she looked more than similar a preadolescent child.
Director Richard Thorpe suggested Garland vesture a blonde wig and loads of "baby-doll" makeup (every bit any preadolescent daughter would…). Luckily, that vision of the character changed. After MGM fired Thorpe, the intermediate director George Cukor nixed the heavy makeup and wig. Instead, he told Garland to be herself. Smart motion.
The "Skywriting" Scene Employed Some Peachy Picture Magic
The Wizard of Oz employs a lot of great movie tricks, and some of the nearly unique were used in the skywriting scene. In it, the Wicked Witch (Margaret Hamilton) flies above the Emerald City, leaving the phrase "Surrender Dorothy" in her wake in black smoke.
Using a hypodermic needle, the special effects squad spread black ink beyond the lesser of a drinking glass tank that was filled with a thick, tinted liquid (some speculate milk). They wrote the phrase in reverse and filmed the scene from beneath. Initially, the skywriting ended with the ominous "Or Dice — W W W."
The "Snow" in the Poppy Field Was Actually Dangerous
I of the Wicked Witch's last-ditch efforts to impede Dorothy'due south quest to see the Wonderful Wizard of Oz involves a poppy field and some magical sleep-inducing snow. While many like to joke that the poppies and their drowsiness are the result of opium (a component of poppies), the scene has a much more than blatant toxic connection than that.
All that magical snowfall? It's actually 100% industrial-grade chrysotile asbestos. Even though the health risks associated with the material were known at the fourth dimension, information technology was still Hollywood'south preferred pick for faux snow. Our communication to Dorothy? Don't catch any snowflakes on your tongue.
Scarecrow'due south Makeup Stuck Around for Awhile
In the end, Ray Bolger (Scarecrow) was probably grateful in more ways than ane for Buddy Ebsen (the original Tin Man's) willingness to trade parts with him. The Tin Homo's aluminum makeup caused a huge corporeality of problems for Ebsen, who was replaced by Jack Haley.
Although Bolger'southward makeup experience was meliorate than Ebsen's, he however had some bug. The Scarecrow'southward makeup consisted of a prophylactic prosthetic, consummate with a woven pattern that mimicked the wait of burlap. Afterward the motion picture wrapped, the prosthetic left patterns on Bolger's confront that took more than a year to fade.
Margaret Hamilton Was Burned On Set
In a outburst of flames and cherry smoke, the Wicked Witch (Margaret Hamilton) vanishes from Munchkinland. Although the scene is terrifying for viewers, it may have instilled more fear for Hamilton. On the outset accept, the smoke rose from a subconscious trapdoor too early.
For the 2nd have, Hamilton stood on the trapdoor equally planned, but her cape snagged on the platform when the fire flared upwards. Her copper-containing makeup heated up instantly, causing 2nd- and third-degree burns on her hands and face. To make matters worse, the crew tried to remedy her burns with (an even more painful) acetone solvent.
The Flying Monkeys Became Falling Monkeys
The Wicked Witch's legion of flight monkeys — or Winged Monkeys every bit they're chosen in the source material — accept certainly been a source of terror for generations. Almost as scary as the Witch herself, these henchmen soar onto the scene to kidnap Dorothy and Toto — cheers to the magic of piano wires.
However, the aerial stunt went awry when several of the piano wires snapped, sending actors plummeting a few anxiety to the soundstage floor. To create such a vast troupe of monkeys (and cut down on human marionettes), filmmakers made miniature prophylactic monkeys to help populate the sky.
"Over the Rainbow" Was Virtually on the Cutting Room Floor
To no i's surprise, the American Film Institute ranked "Over the Rainbow" #one on a listing of 100 Greatest Songs in American Films. Just what may surprise you? The (arguably) most iconic vocal of Judy Garland's career was nearly cut from the pic.
Studio execs at MGM thought the song fabricated the Kansas scenes also long. Moreover, filmmakers were concerned that children wouldn't understand the song'due south meaning. Luckily, this unfounded concern melted like lemon drops. Unfortunately, Garland's bawling reprise of the song was left on the cut room floor.
The Tin can Man Costume Didn't Permit Jack Haley to Remainder Like shooting fish in a barrel
Although Bert Lahr had to schlep effectually in a 90-pound panthera leo costume, Jack Haley didn't have information technology easy either. From the lingering concerns well-nigh the aluminum paste-based makeup on his face and hands to the minimal flexibility of the "tin" torso and arms, Haley faced some challenges.
Reportedly, his costume was and so stiff that he had to lean against a board to rest properly. Many years later, thespian Anthony Daniels, known for playing the protocol droid C-3PO in the Star Wars films, had the same issue with his rigid costume. It seems even fantasy and sci-fi tin't help folks escape all their issues.
The Original Tin Man Was Rushed to the Hospital
Initially, Buddy Ebsen was bandage equally the Scarecrow, but traded parts with Ray Bolger. Withal, Ebsen'south new character, the Tin Man, caused him a earth of problems. Namely, the grapheme'due south silver makeup independent a harmful aluminum grit that coated Ebsen'due south lungs.
To brand matters worse, Ebsen had an allergic reaction, and, unable to exhale, he was rushed to the infirmary. MGM recast the office with Jack Haley (and inverse upward the makeup), but didn't explicate why Ebsen "dropped out." Although Ebsen didn't appear in the last moving picture, his vocals can be heard in "We're Off to See the Wizard."
A Stocking & Some Miniatures Gave Us the Tornado
The tornado that strikes the Gale homestead is full of practical special furnishings that really hold upward. The funnel itself was actually a 35-human foot long stocking made of muslin. The special effects team spun it effectually miniatures that resembled the farms and fields of Kansas. Against the painted backdrop, the tornado looks menacing.
The Gale business firm, which falls from the sky and into Oz, is just a miniature house that was dropped onto a sky painting. Filmmakers then reversed the footage to make information technology look like the house was falling out of the clouds.
Hollywood Didn't Pay Up Then Either
Pay inequality has always been an event in Hollywood. For example, Adriana Caselotti, voice of the titular graphic symbol in Walt Disney'southward Snowfall White and the 7 Dwarfs (1937), fabricated $970 for her performance. The pic went on to make roughly $8 million.
According to the Los Angeles Times, Judy Garland's pay was ameliorate than Caselotti's — playing Dorothy earned her $500 a calendar week — but it still didn't reverberate the flick's success. Even more than discouraging, the folks who portrayed the citizens of Munchkinland were paid a mere $50 per week. (Meanwhile, Terry the canis familiaris earned $125 per week as Toto. A existent yikes.)
Bert Lahr'south Lion Costume Was Taxing
Originally, MGM thought information technology might cast its mascot — the actual king of beasts used in the studio's title card — equally the cowardly character. Fortunately, for the safety of the actors and the fauna, the filmmakers decided to bandage actor Bert Lahr as the anthropomorphic character instead.
To make a convincing creature, the costume department fashioned Lahr a ninety-pound outfit made from real lion pare. Even so, the arc lights used on set made things a steamy 100 degrees during filming, which meant Lahr did a lot of sweating unrelated to his character'south nerves. Each dark, two stagehands dried the costume for the next day.
The Initial Box Part Returns Were Uneven
The film started shooting in October of 1938 but didn't wrap until March of 1939, racking upwards an unheard of $ii,777,000 in costs. That's almost $l million adjusted for aggrandizement. Upon its initial release, the pic only earned $3 million at the box function — nigh $51.8 meg past today's standards.
Although that seems impressive for a Depression-era motion-picture show, remember that Disney made $8 1000000 with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The Wizard of Oz's minor success in the U.Due south. barely covered product and picture show rights' costs — MGM paid $75,000 to the publisher for those — simply success overseas fortunately bolstered the film's returns.
The Night Side of Oz in a Time Earlier "Me Besides"
Judy Garland was only 16 years onetime when she was cast as Dorothy. Insecure and lonesome, she became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates, which were often given to young actors to help them sleep after studios shot them upward with adrenaline so they could work long hours.
The spotlight — and her damaging contract with MGM — didn't help, leading to her lifelong struggles with an eating disorder and alcoholism. According to a author for Limited, "[Garland] was molested past older men, including studio chiefs [and head Louis B. Mayer], who considered her little more than than their 'property.'" Moreover, MGM forced Garland to stick to a wildly unhealthy diet of cigarettes, coffee and chicken soup.
The Voice of Snow White Had a Cameo
A few years before The Wizard of Oz debuted, Walt Disney's characteristic-length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) became a smash-hit. Not only did the film revolutionize the animation industry, it also reinvigorated the fantasy genre.
Disney wanted to follow up Snow White — so the most successful film of all fourth dimension — with an accommodation of The Wizard of Oz, merely MGM endemic the rights. Past happenstance, Adriana Caselotti, who voiced Snow White, had an uncredited role in Oz. During the Tin can Man'southward "If I But Had a Heart," Caselotti speaks her sole line, "Wherefore art thou Romeo?"
The Ruddy Slippers Are Props & Treasured Artifacts
Keeping in line with the volume, Dorothy's iconic footwear was originally argent, only screenwriter Noel Langley felt the ruddy color would really pop in glorious Technicolor. Designed by MGM's chief costume designer Gilbert Adrian, the shoes are each covered in near 2,300 sequins.
One of the remaining pairs is on view in the Smithsonian Institution'south National Museum of American History. Since the display is and so heavily trafficked, the museum has replaced the carpet in that location several times. Another pair were stolen from Minnesota'due south Judy Garland Museum in 2005, but the FBI recovered the slippers for the institution in 2018.
Simply One Sequence Was Filmed "On Location"
The Sorcerer of Oz is your classic adventure story, and Dorothy's quest leads her from a Kansas farm to another world — complete with corn fields, poppy-filled meadows and forests. However, despite all these breathtaking locations, nearly all the scenes were shot on a soundstage.
As was customary at the time, immense, detailed backdrops were painted by studio artists, making information technology possible for filmmakers to transport audiences to far away places without filming on location. In fact, the only location footage in the film is the opening championship sequence — those clouds are 100% the real deal.
A Second Toto Was Brought In
Toto, played primarily by Terry, is ane of the most beloved dogs in motion picture history. Terry was famously non a huge fan of special furnishings and can often exist seen running out of a shot when something loud or alarming happens — like when the Tin can Human spouts out all of that steam.
After one of the Witch's guards accidentally stepped on her, Terry was on bedrest for ii weeks. Filmmakers went through ii doubles to find i that resembled the original canine actor more closely.
Fun fact: Judy Garland was so fond of Terry that she wanted to prefer the dog.
Margaret Hamilton "Mourns the Wicked" Witch
In addition to being a huge fan of the Oz books, Margaret Hamilton also believed her grapheme was more than only your run-of-the-mill evil villain. More than than 35 years later on the film debuted, Hamilton, donning her Witch'southward costume to show kids information technology was make-believe, appeared on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, where Fred Rogers interviewed her about the character.
According to Hamilton, the so-called Wicked Witch relished everything she did, but she was also a sad, lone figure. In brusk, things never went well for the frustrated Witch. Oddly enough, the Broadway musical Wicked also takes this arroyo to the Witch'due south graphic symbol.
The "Equus caballus of a Different Color" Was Made Possible Thanks to a Food Product
In 1939, audiences were just as amazed as Dorothy, Scarecrow, Can Man and the Cowardly Lion when the horse in Emerald Urban center took on a rainbow of colors. This "equus caballus of a different colour" was made possible thanks to a surprising food item…
Jell-O crystals were used to colour the horses, which meant filmmakers had to movement speedily — the animals were eager to lick up the sweet treat. Merely the colorful steed isn't the only interesting component in this fan-favorite scene. The horse-drawn carriage was one time owned past President Abraham Lincoln and now resides at the Judy Garland Museum.
The Makeup Department Hired on Extra Hands
From the citizens of Munchkinland and Emerald Metropolis to the Witch's flying monkeys, so many actors had to undergo a makeup transformation in order to give life to this fantasy film. To keep up with the daily demands, MGM called upon workers from the studio mailroom and courier service to manage makeup stations.
Since most of the Ozian ensemble required prosthetics, makeup artists — and "makeshift" artists — formed a kind of costuming assembly line. Most actors had to arrive earlier 5:00 in the morning — six days a week! — to begin the intensive process.
Memorable (& Often Misquoted) Lines Fill the Moving-picture show
The moving picture is chock-full of iconic, memorable songs, and it has the great fortune of being responsible for some of the nearly quoted lines in movie history also. In 2007, Premiere compiled a list of "The 100 Greatest Movie Lines" and placed a whopping three of the film's lines on the list.
"Pay no attention to that human behind the drape" was voted #24, while "There'due south no place like home" nabbed the 11th spot. Finally, the frequently misquoted "Toto, I have a feeling nosotros're not in Kansas anymore" landed in the 62nd spot.
The Witch'southward Fire Employed Some Technical Wizardry (& Juice)
Clearly, the technical wizardry — or witchcraft — in the movie is incredible. Like the "horse of a dissimilar colour" sequence, some other iconic, special effects-heavy scene harnessed the power of everyday household items to pull off fun tricks.
Shortly after Dorothy arrives in Munchkinland, the Wicked Witch tries to snatch the ruby slippers from the young girl'south feet. However, fire strikes the Witch's hands, repelling her. This "fire" is actually apple tree juice spouting from the slippers in a sped-up prune to make it look more flame-like.
Technicolor Required Some Ingenuity in the Props Department
Experimenting with Technicolor was part fun and part problem-solving for filmmakers. In order to properly capture scenes with the Technicolor camera, the soundstage needed to be lit with arc lights, which often heated the set upward to a toasty 100 degrees.
Afterwards the lights were set, the experts experimented with what would look best on film, especially in colorized form. For instance, the white role of Dorothy'south apparel is actually pink — simply because it filmed better. And the oil the Tin Man is so excited most? Information technology's actually chocolate syrup.
The Wicked Witch of the East Makes More Than One Appearance
Function of the Wicked Witch of the W's beef with Dorothy is that the immature girl dropped a house on her sister, the Wicked Witch of the East, who was the short-lived possessor of the ruby slippers. Although Margaret Hamilton already plays both the Wicked Witch of the West and her Kansas analogue Almira Gulch, she besides plays the Wicked Witch of the East — if only briefly.
During the tornado sequence, an addled Dorothy looks out her bedchamber window and watches Gulch transform into a witch, her shoes shimmering. For fans, this glint indicates the witch outside the window is wearing the ruby-red slippers. The restored version of the film makes that shimmer even more noticeable.
The Film's Running Time Was Cut Down Several Times
The first cutting of the film clocked in at a running time of 120 minutes. Although that seems like nothing past today'south Marvel movie standards, producer Mervyn LeRoy felt it was long and unwieldy and wanted to chop off twenty minutes.
After cut the famed "Jitterbug" number (top right) and an extended Scarecrow trip the light fantastic toe sequence, the film was 112 minutes long. LeRoy held a second preview screening, and, afterwards, nixed Dorothy's "Over the Rainbow" reprise, an Emerald City reprise of "Ding! Dong! The Witch Is Dead," a scene where the Tin Homo becomes a human beehive (Yikes!) and a few Kansas sequences.
So Much for a "Wicked" Witch
Filmmakers deemed Margaret Hamilton's Wicked Witch of the Due west performance too frightening for audiences and cut or trimmed many of her scenes. But not anybody idea her operation was terrifying — namely Judy Garland, who played the Wicked Witch'south nemesis, Dorothy Gale.
Off-screen, the pic'south starring foes were actually friends. One story that emerged from the set described Garland excitedly showing off a dress to Hamilton, declaring she was going to wearable information technology for her graduation. Unfortunately, MGM'due south Louis B. Mayer sent Garland on a printing tour the day of her graduation. Upset, Hamilton phoned Mayer and chewed him out.
Giving Credit to Technicolor
In the opening credits, the text reads "Photographed in Technicolor," as opposed to the more apt "Color Sequences by Technicolor." The phrasing of the credits makes it seem equally though the entire film was shot in colour. Was this done deliberately, or was it a minor syntactical faux pas?
It's widely believed this was a bit of a stunt washed to enhance the surprise of the pic turning into total three-strip Technicolor when Dorothy arrives in Oz. Posters fabricated at the time of the film'south debut made no mention of sepia tint (or "black-and-white"), adding credence to this theory.
One of History's Near-Watched Films
Although The Magician of Oz proved pop in theaters, another film released the same twelvemonth, too directed by Victor Fleming, actually topped the box role. (You may have heard of that niggling motion picture — it's called Gone with the Wind.) Nonetheless, MGM's musical fantasy may have more than staying power than other films of the era, thanks in part to re-releases.
The film was first circulate on television receiver on November iii, 1956, and garnered an impressive 44 one thousand thousand viewers. It's believed that The Wizard of Oz is i of the 10 about-watched characteristic-length movies in film history, largely due to the number of annual television receiver screenings, theater viewings and various format re-releases.
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